Deep-sea ecosystems

Ocean vents spewing mineral-rich hot water into the ocean were discovered. These vents host unique ecosystems with bacteria which require neither oxygen, light, nor photosyntheses.
 Robert Ballard United States 1977 Deep-sea ecosystems

Ocean vents spewing mineral-rich hot water into the ocean were discovered. These vents host unique ecosystems with bacteria which require neither oxygen, light, nor photosyntheses.